What Is Ethnography in the Social Sciences

Ethnography is defined as both a social science research method and its final written product. As a method, ethnographic observation involves embedding oneself deeply and over the long-term in a field site of study in order to systemically document the everyday lives, behaviors, and interactions of a community of people.  As a written product, an ethnography is a richly descriptive account of the social life and culture of the group studied. Key Takeaways: Ethnography Ethnography refers to the practice of conducting a long-term, detailed study of a community.A written report based on this type of detailed observation of a community is also referred to as an ethnography.Conducting an ethnography allows researchers to obtain a great detail of information about the group they are studying; however, this research method is also time- and labor-intensive. Overview Ethnography was developed by anthropologists, most famously, by Bronislaw Malinowki in the early 20th century. But simultaneously, early sociologists in the U.S. (many affiliated with the Chicago School) adopted the method as well, as they pioneered the field of urban sociology. Since then, ethnography has been a staple of sociological research methods, and many sociologists have contributed to developing the method and formalizing it in books that offer methodological instruction. The goal of an ethnographer is to develop a rich understanding of how and why people think, behave, and interact as they do in a given community or organization (the field of study), and most importantly, to understand these things from the standpoint of those studied (known as an emic perspective or insider standpoint). Thus, the goal of ethnography is not just to develop an understanding of practices and interactions, but also what those things mean to the population studied. Importantly, the ethnographer also works to situate what they find in historical and local context, and to identify the connections between their findings and the larger social forces and structures of society. How Sociologists Conduct Ethnographic Research Any field site can serve as a setting for ethnographic research. For example, sociologists have conducted this kind of research in schools, churches, rural and urban communities, around particular street corners, within corporations, and even at bars, drag clubs, and strip clubs. To conduct ethnographic research and produce an ethnography, researchers typically embed themselves in their chosen field site over a long period of time. They do this so that they can develop a robust dataset composed of systematic observations, interviews, and historical and investigative research, which requires repeated, careful observations of the same people and settings. Anthropologist Clifford Geertz referred to this process as generating thick description, which means a description that digs below the surface by asking questions that begin with the following: who, what, where, when, and how. From a methodological standpoint, one of the important goals of an ethnographer is to have as little impact on the field site and people studied as possible, so as to collect data that is as unbiased as possible. Developing trust is an important part of this process, as those observed must feel comfortable having the ethnographer present in order to behave and interact as they normally would. Pros of Conducting Ethnographic Research One advantage of ethnographic research is that it provides insight into aspects of social life, including perception and values, which other research methods are unable to capture. Ethnography can illuminate that which is  taken for granted and which goes unspoken  within a community. It also allows the researcher to develop a rich and valuable understanding of the cultural meaning of practices and interactions. Additionally, the detailed observations conducted in ethnographic research can also disprove negative biases or stereotypes about the population in question. Cons of Conducting Ethnographic Research One disadvantage of ethnographic research is that it can sometimes be difficult to gain access to and establish trust within a desired field site. It can also be difficult for researchers to dedicate the time required to conduct a rigorous ethnography, given limits on research funding and their other professional commitments (e.g. teaching). Ethnographic research also has the potential for bias on the part of the researcher, which could skew the data and insights gained from it. Additionally, due to the intimate nature of the research, there is the potential for ethical and interpersonal issues and conflicts to arise. Finally, the storytelling nature of an ethnography can seem to bias the interpretation of the data. Notable Ethnographers and Works Street Corner Society,  William F. WhyteBlack Metropolis,  St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Jr.Slims Table,  Mitchell DuneierHome Bound, Yen Le EspirituPunished, Victor RiosAcademic Profiling, Gilda OchoaLearning to Labour, Paul WillisWomen Without Class, Julie BettieCode of the Street, Elijah Anderson You can learn more about ethnography by reading books on the method, such as  Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes  by Emerson et al., and  Analyzing Social Settings by Lofland and Lofland, as well as by reading the latest articles in the  Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Frank Of A Modern Macbeth And Lady Macbeth - 871 Words

The majority of this essay has focused primarily on Frank’s ideas alone, and how they reflect cynical philosophy, but when it comes to Freudian guilt, Underwood’s personal life comes into play, through his politically advantageous affair with Washington Herald Reporter, Zoe Barns. Many compare Frank and his wife Claire to that of a modern Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, but Claire is much darker in a mature way, Claire knows about Frank’s relation’s with Zoe Barnes, and she is completely okay with them giving that they advance Frank’s sinister agenda. So the arrangement begins, Frank feeds Zoe insider information, which upon her publishing, helps Franks public image, and sometimes, destroys the image of his enemies. One of those enemies is Secretary of State Michael Kern. The entire show begins with Frank being promised to the position of Secretary of State by President Walker, however, Frank is unjustly cheated out his position by the new administration, electing Kurn the job instead. Of course, this does not sit well with Frank, and upon meeting Barnes around this same time, Underwood opportunistically capitalizes on sabotaging Kern by leaking an old news article to Zoe, supervised by Kern, where one of his writers in staff made anti sematic remarks. Although Kern didn’t even make, let alone approve of this remarks, the media outcry forced him to step down from his position of Sectary of State, but at this point, Frank already had his bigger plans in mind. All seemed to be goingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Power of the Witches in Shakespeares Macbeth 1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of the Witches in Shakespeares Macbeth    The tragedy of Macbeth comes about because of a single event in his life. If that one moment, the meeting with the witches on the heath, had not happened then Macbeth would no doubt have gone on to be a loyal and respected subject of King Duncan and, later, King Malcolm. 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Carl Jung Essay Example For Students

Carl Jung Essay Carl JungCarl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a son of a minister in Switzerland. Hewas born on July 26, in the small village of Kesswil on Lake Constance. Hewas named after his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the Universityof Basel. He was the oldest child and only surviving son of a Swiss Reformpastor. Two brothers died in infancy before Jung was born. Jungs motherwas a neurotic and often fought with his father. Father was usually lonelyand very irritable. When the child could not take his mothers depressionsand his parents fights, he sought refuge in the attic, where he playedwith a wooden mannikin. Carl was exposed to death early in life, since hisfather was a minister and attended many funerals, taking his son with him. Also, Jung saw many fishermen get killed in the waterfalls and also manypigs get slaughtered. When he was eleven, he went to a school in Basel, metmany rich people and realized that he was poor, compared to them. He likedto read very much outside of class and detested math and physical educationclasses. Actually, gym class used to give him fainting spells (neurosis)and his father worried that Jung wouldnt make a good living because of hisspells. After Carl found out about his fathers concern, the faintssuddenly stopped, and Carl became much more studious. He had to decide his profession. His choices included archeology,history, medicine, and philosophy. He decided to go into medicine, partlybecause of his grandfather. Carl went to the University of Basel and hadto decide then what field of medicine he was going to go into. Afterreading a book on psychiatry, he decided that this was the field for him,although psychiatry was not a respectable field at the time. Jung becamean assistant at the Burgholzli Mental hospital in Zurich, a famous medicalhospital. He studied under Eugen Bleuler, who was a famous psychiatristwho defined schizophrenia. Jung was also influenced by Freud with whom helater became good friends. Freud called him his crown-prince. Theirrelationship ended when Jung wrote a book called Symbols ofTransformation. Jung disagreed with Freuds fundamental idea that a symbolis a disguised representation of a repressed wish. I will go into thatlater. After splitting up with Freud, Jung had a 2 year period ofnon-productivity, but t hen he came out with his Psychological Types, afamous work. He went on several trips to learn about primitive societiesand archetypes to Africa, New Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to Indiaand Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occultbeliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of fortune telling. Alchemy wasalso one of his interests. His book, Psychology and Alchemy, publishedin 1944 is among his most important writings. He studied what all thistold about the human mind. One of his methods was word association, whichis when a person is given a series of words and asked to respond to them. Abnormal response or hesitation can mean that the person has a complexabout that word. His basic belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The goal ispsychosynthesis, or the unification and differentiation of the psyche(mind). He believed that the mind started out as a whole and should staythat way. That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. Iwill attempt to restate the major ideas and terms in this book in apseudo-outline. It will make the understanding a bit more clear. STRUCTUREJung said that there are three levels of mind. Conscious, PersonalSubconscious, and Collective Subconscious. The conscious level serves fourfunctions. The following are the functions of people (not types!):A. Thinking: connecting ideas in ordered strings. .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 , .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .postImageUrl , .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 , .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:hover , .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:visited , .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:active { border:0!important; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:active , .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7 .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b55cc96cf53a08bc9b6fce9aa37f7b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Njals Saga A Fictional Account of Early Iceland EssayB. Feeling: evaluating ideas upon feelings about them. C. Sensing: wanting to get experiences. D. Intuiting: following unfounded ideas. A B are called rational, and C D are called irrational. If theydont make much sense, they will be explained in more detail afterexplaining Types. There are also 2 classes of conscious behavior:A. Introverted, which are people who are content to stay within theirown psyche. They base their whole life on analyzing their mind. B. Extroverted, which are people who seek out other people. They careabout the outside world and adjust to it. Also, one of the two classes usually dominates, and rarely does one seean individual with perfectly balanced classes of behavior. Jung said thatan ego is a filter from the senses to the conscious mind. All egorejections

The Relationship between Landlord and Tenant within Ireland Essay Example

The Relationship between Landlord and Tenant within Ireland Essay In this essay, I shall discuss the nature of the Landlord and Tenant relationship in Ireland. I will examine the aspects of a Lease from both sides of the relationship and cover the rights of the landlord and tenant under the relevant legislation. In my final chapter I will evaluate how the personal relationship between the landlord and tenant has evolved thought out time with the passing of legislation. Leases have always been a popular way to regulate the relationship between a landlord and tenant over the rights of land. Whether it be families looking for a long term stay or tudents searching for accommodation for nine months of the year. Leases are landholding arrangements in which the tenant receives a proprietary interest in the property and the exclusive possession of itl . Should the tenant have his rights infringed by the landlord, the tenant may seek court assistance to assist his rights under the lease, or since the creation of the PRTB2, which was established by the Residential Tenancies Act3, alternate dispute resolution is available. The development of leases derives from the Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment (Ireland) Act 1860 which is commonly known as Deasys Act, which will be discussed t a later stage, where it was established that the relationship between a landlord and tenant was one based on a contract. Identification of a Lease A lease is a legal agreement that results in a tenant receiving a right to exclusively possess land and a proprietary interest on it4. Leases have a variety of different legal protection under relevant statutes for both landlord and tenant so it is important not to confuse a lease with another type of legal arrangement such as a licence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Landlord and Tenant within Ireland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Landlord and Tenant within Ireland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Landlord and Tenant within Ireland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is important to distinguish the two separate concepts. A licence may be terminated without notice, without cause and also unilaterally. A lease on the other hand needs to be terminated by Deasys Act or legislation that has followed, such as breach of condition or anti-social behaviour. An interesting and famous case on this issue is that of Irish Shell BP Ltd v Coste1105. This case involved a conflict over the existence of a landlord and tenant relationship or a mere licence. There was a contract, involving land occupation, paid on a periodic basis which allowed the alleged tenant to occupy the land. It was a complex case but the court held that no matter what the document passed between the two parties called their relationship, it was only what appened in reality that mattered. The petrol company argued that it was a licence and the defendant a lease. By the decision the Irish Courts indicated they would remain in favour of the practical relationship presented before them rather than the relationship detailed in the contract. The Irish Courts prefer to make their decisions based on four headings6: 1 . Construction of the agreement 2. Intension ot the parties as interred trom their words and actions 3. Exclusive possession on the part of the tenant 4. The payment of rent Construction of the Agreement As a result of the courts commitment to perusing the true nature of the relationship between the parties, the decision as to whether or not a lease exists will essentially be a matter of construction and a court is empowered to treat that which is called a licence as a lease where appropriate7 . Therefore while the parties will place a label upon their relationship, be it a lease of a licence, it will not automatically result in the court finding that said relationship is in fact a lease or a licence. The placing of the label on the relationship merely discloses prima facie evidence of the intension of he parties. Where there is no written agreement between the parties the court will engage in construction of their words and conduct8. Intension of the Parties While all contracts have the prerequisite of the parties intension to create a legal relationship, in the contract of a lease, the courts are concerned with an intension to create a specific type of legal relations, for example landlord and tenant. The courts will try to assess whether, in its everyday operation , the relationship between the parties is more akin to a lease than a licence9. However, as we have seen the courts re willing to discard such labels if they find the actual operation of the relationship to contradict the label. This was reiterated by the Supreme Court in Gatien Motor Company v Continental Oil Company of Ireland Ltd10. Exclusive Possession A key factor of the landholding relationship is whether or not the holder of the land has been give exclusive possession of the property. Exclusive possession is essential to the existence of a lease, but it is not determinative of a lease11. In other words a lease is useless without exclusive possession but on the other hand exclusive ossession does not void a licence agreement between parties either. When dealing with landlord and tenant, the term, not only gives the tenant the capacity to use and enjoy the land but also to exclude the landlord or anyone else from the property if he so wishes. The English case of Street v Mountford12 is an important case in this jurisdiction. Here, the House of Lords held that, apart from in exceptional circumstances, where residential accommodation is offered and accepted with exclusive possession for a term at rent, theresult is tenancy thus placing exclusive possession at the heart of the assessment. The Street case was decided in relation to residential accommodation but the latter case of London Associated Investment Trust Plc. v Carlow13 extended it to commercial properties. Payment of Rent It is stated in s. of Deasys Act that the payment of rent is a characteristics of a lease but it does not however, make it clear if rent is a requirement of a lease. There is a certain authority from both Irish English Jurisdictions that a gratuitous lease is accepta 4 For the purposes ot the Irish Courts it was stated by Kenny J, dissenting in Costellol 5 that rent is essential for the creation of the relationship of landlord nd tenant. Formation of a lease The general conditions for the formation of a lease can be found in s. of DeasVs Act 1860. S. 4 states: every lease or contract with respect to lands whereby the relation of landlord and tenant is intended to be created for any freehold estate or interest, or for any definite period of time not being from year to year or any lesser period, shall be by deed executed, or in writing signed by the landlord or his agent thereunto authorised in writing Along with section four, landlord and tenant relationships can be created in law by means of assignment16, sub-lease17, implication18 and equityl 9. Termination of a lease A common form of termination of a lease comes in expiry, this occurs when the tenancy id for a fixed term and upon reaching the end of that time period the landlord and tenant relationship naturally comes to an end. If the tenancy is of a periodic nature or a tenancy at will a notice to quit is required, otherwise it will continue indefinitely. A notice to quit can be served by either party of the lease or by any person who has been authorised to serve such notice. In relation to agricultural land, residential tenancy20 and houses21, the notice must be in writing, although it is ommon place for notices to quit to be delivered in writing, whatever the premises involved. In general at common law, a periodic tenant should receive notice equivalent to one period of the tenancy, e. g. a weekly tenant would receive a weeks notice. However, the Residential Tenancies Act 2004 has now introduced statutory notice periods for all residential leases22. For example, under the 2004 Act if the tenancy duration is under a period of six months the notice that needs to be given, by both the landlord and the tenant, is twenty-eight days. Forfeiture Forfeiture is an equitable action comprising the retaking of possession by the landlord of property, thereby ending the tenants exclusive possession and, consequently, his leasehold rights23. Examples of where such an action might arise would be a tenants breach of condition of the lease which may lead to the paying of compensation or the owing of rent. In order to carry out a valid forfeiture there are certain legislative requirements which need to be followed. Commonly, cases of forfeiture require the landlord to serve the tenant with what is known as a section fourteen notice24. The effect of s. 4 is to give the tenant an opportunity to consider if he wants to maintain the lease and avoid forfeiture by righting the breach that lead to the issuing of the notice. Section 14 consists of: (1) The basis (or multiple basis) of the forfeiture and, if applicable, a requirement to remedy the breach although the form of the remedy is not specified and is a matter for the tenant, and (2) a demand for reasonable compensation; and (3) a notice of termination by forfeiture for failure to remedy the breach and provide reasonable compensation within a reasonable time ot the service ot the section 1 notice. The reasonableness of the prescribed time period will be entirely dependent on the circumstances If following the serving of the notice, the breach has not been remedied or if the compensation or rent owed has not been paid then the landlord is entitled to re- enter the premises, and in the process forfeiting the lease. The re-entry can be physical or legal, but the service of the notice without re-entry is not sufficient to forfeit the lease25. Tenants can apply for relief from forfeiture; such relief could be granted either under s. 14 or by means of an equitable remedy such as an injunction26